FREDERIC W. GOUDY

WILLIAM CASLON

STANLEY MORISON

 STANLEY MORISON 

Stanley Morison – born 6. 5. 1889 in Wanstead, England, died 11. 10. 1967 in London, England – typographer, type designer.

1913–14: works for "The Imprint". 1914–18: is sent to prison as a conscientious objector. 1919–21: works for Pelican Press and from 1921–23 for Cloister Press in Manchester. 1923–30: co-editor of "The Fleuron" magazine with Holbrook Jackson, Francis Meynell, B. H. Newdigate and Oliver Simon. 1923–67: typography consultant to the Monotype Corporation. From 1923 onwards: book artist. Designs covers for the Victor Gollancz publishing house. 1924–30: works for Cambridge University Press. 1929–60: typography consultant to "The Times" daily newspaper. On 3 October 1932 the first issue of "The Times™" set in Morison’s new typeface, Times New Roman™, is printed. 1935–51: published the history of "The Times™" in four volumes. 1945–47: editor-in-chief of the "Times Literary Supplement". 1960: made a Royal Designer for Industry.

Fonts: Times® (1931), Times Ten (1931), Times™ Eighteen (1931), Times Central European (1931), Times New Roman® (1932, with Victor Lardent).

Publications include: "Four Centuries of fine print", London 1924; "The Alphabet of Damianus Moyllus", London 1927; "The calligraphy of Ludovico degli Arrighi", Paris 1929; "The English newspaper, 1622–1932", Cambridge 1932; "First Principles of Typography", Cambridge 1936; "A tally of types", Cambridge 1953; "Typographic design in relation to photographic composition", San Francisco 1959; James Moran "Stanley Morison", London 1971.

* TYPOGRAPHY – An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Throughout History by Friedrich Friedl, Nicolaus Ott (Editor), Bernard Stein, published by Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

ERIC GILL

WILLIAM MORRIS

 WILLIAM MORRIS 

William Morris – born 24. 3. 1834 in Walthamstow, England, died 3. 10. 1896 in Hammersmith, England – painter, designer, printer, publisher, author, typographer, type designer.

1853–55: studies at Exeter College, Oxford. 1856: works at G. E. Street´s architect´s office in Oxford. Starts painting. 1859: Monks, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. is founded. The company designs and manufactures jewelry, stained glass windows, wallpaper and complete interiors. 1862: the company´s products are exhibited at the "London International Exhibition of Art and Industry". 1866–80: designs interiors for St James Palace and in 1867 the cafeteria in the Victoria & Albert Museum. 1875: Morris relaunches the company as Morris & Co. 1877: declines a professorship in literature at Oxford University. 1883: joins the Democratic Federation (later called the Social Democratic Federation). Holds public political speeches for the Socialist cause. Founds the Art Workers Guild. 1890: launches the Kelmscott Press. 1892: refuses to be made poet laureate. 1896: gives his last public speech at a meeting held by the Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertisement.

Fonts: Golden Type® (1890), Troy Type (1892), Chaucer Type (1893).

Publications include: "The collected works of William Morris" (24 vols.), London 1910–15, New York 1966. May Morris (ed.) "William Morris, artist, writer, socialist", Oxford 1936; Edward P. Thompson "The communism of William Morris", London 1965.

* TYPOGRAPHY – An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Throughout History by Friedrich Friedl, Nicolaus Ott (Editor), Bernard Stein, published by Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

GIAMBATTISTA BODONI

 GIAMBATTISTA BODONI 

DIDOT FAMILY

 Pierre Didot 

The Didot family were active as designers for about 100 years in the 18th and 19th centuries. They were printers, publishers, typeface designers, inventors and intellectuals. Around 1800 the Didot family owned the most important print shop and font foundry in France. Pierre Didot, the printer, published a document with the typefaces of his brother, Firmin Didot, the typeface designer.

The printing company still exists under the name Firmin Didot, Societe Nouvelle.






First Generation

François Didot

François Didot (son of Denis Didot) was a merchant who was born in Paris in 1689 and died in 1757. In 1713 he opened a bookstore called "À la Bible d'or" (which could be translated "The Golden Bible") on the Quai des Grands-Augustins. The celebrated Abbé de Bernis served for a time there as a clerk after leaving the seminary. François Didot was a learned man, and held by his colleagues in such great esteem that he was elected to the dignity of Syndic of the Booksellers' Corporation in 1735. He received his printer's charter from the king in 1754. Among the books he published should be mentioned the "Histoire des voyages" ("Story of Voyages/Travels") (20 vols., quarto), the first seventeen volumes of which are attributed to the Abbé Prévost.

Second Generation

François-Ambroise Didot

François-Ambroise Didot (son of François Didot) was born in 1730 and died in 1804. François-Ambroise Didot inherited the work of his father François. He was appointed printer to the clergy in 1788. Many bibliophiles value the editions known as "D'Artois" (Recueil de romans français, 64 volumes) and "du Dauphin", a collection of French classics in 32 volumes, edited by order of Louis XVI. He also published a Bible. François-Ambroise Didot invented a new printing-press, improved type-founding, and was the first to print on vellum paper.

About 1780 François-Ambroise Didot adapted the point system for sizing typefaces by width, using units of 1/72 of the pre-metric French inch. His "point", later named the didot after him, became the prevailing unit of type measurement throughout continental Europe and its former colonies, including Latin America. In 1973 it was metrically standardized at 0.375 mm for the European Union. (Meanwhile the English-speaking world adopted a "point" based on 1/72 of the smaller English inch.)

Pierre-François Didot

Pierre-François Didot (son of François Didot) was born in 1732 and died in 1795. Pierre-François Didot founded a paper factory in Essonne and made improvements in type-founding. The most important of his publications are "L'Imitation de Jésus-Christ" (folio), "Télémaque" (quarto) and "Tableau de L'Empire Ottoman" (folio). One of his daughters married Bernardin de Saint-Pierre.

Third Generation

Pierre Didot

Pierre Didot (son of François-Ambroise Didot) was born in 1760 and died in 1853. Pierre Didot was awarded a gold medal at the exhibition of 1798, for his edition of Virgil. By order of the Government, his presses were established in the Louvre, where they remained during the Consulate. The celebrated Louvre editions are Virgil, Racine, Horace, and La Fontaine. The board of examiners of the 1806 exhibition pronounced the Racine edition "the most perfect typographical production of all ages". Pierre Didot was also a poet and translated in verse the fourth book of Georgies, the first books of Horace's Odes, and wrote a number of original poems.

Firmin Didot

Firmin Didot (son of François-Ambroise Didot) was born in 1764 and died in 1836. Firmin Didot was the inventor of stereotypography which entirely changed the book trade. Firmin Didot was the first to engrave slips of so-called "English" and round hand-writing. Among the works which issued from his press were "Les Ruines de Pompéi", "Le Panthéon égyptien" of Champollion-Figeac, and "Historial du Jongleur", printed in Gothic type, with tail-pieces and vignettes, like the editions of the fifteenth century. In 1827, Firmin Didot gave up business to devote himself to politics and literature. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies and wrote tragedies ("La Reine de Portugal", "La Mort d'Annibal") and essays on literary topics.

Along with Giambattista Bodoni of Italy, Firmin Didot is credited with designing and establishing the use of the "Modern" classification of typefaces. The types that Didot used are characterized by extreme contrast in thick strokes and thin strokes, by the use of hairline serifs and by the vertical stress of the letters. Many fonts today are available based on Firmin Didot's typefaces.

Henri Didot

Henri Didot (son of Pierre-François Didot) was born in 1765 and died in 1862. Henri Didot made a name for himself as an engraver, founder, and engine-maker. When he was sixty-six years old, he engraved the microscopic type which was used for the editions of the "Maximes" of La Rochefoucauld and Horace's works. This type was so small that, to cast it, he had to invent a new mould which he called polyamatype (1819), because it founded one hundred letters at a time. Henri Didot engraved the assignats, the paper money used during the French Revolution.

Saint-Léger Didot

Saint-Léger Didot (son of Pierre-François Didot) was born in 1767 and died in 1829. Saint-Léger Didot devoted his attention to papermaking in the famous factory of Essonne, where one of his workers, Louis-Nicolas Robert invented a machine to make "endless" paper, and eventually 'sold' the patent to Didot.

Fourth Generation

Jules Didot

Jules Didot (son of Pierre Didot) was born in 1794 and died in 1871. Jules Didot is famous for his invention of round-edged initials, to take the place of the sharp-edged ones. In 1825 he took his printing plant to Brussels and founded the Royal Printing House.

Ambroise-Firmin Didot

Ambroise-Firmin Didot (son of Firmin Didot) was born 1790 and died in 1876. Ambroise-Firmin Didot first followed a diplomatic career and was for a time attache of the French Embassy at Constantinople. He took advantage of his position to visit the East and Greece, being the first to discover the location of Pergamacum. When his father retired in 1827, he, together with his brother Hyacinthe, took the management of the publishing business. They published "Bibliothèque des auteurs Grecs", "Bibliothèque des auteurs Latins", and "Bibliothèque des auteurs français", an immense collection of two hundred and fifty volumes. Their greatest work was a new edition of the "Thesaurus Graecae Linguae", of Henry Stephens, edited by Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie, Dindorf, and Hase (9 vols., 1855–59).

Edouard Didot

Edouard Didot (son of Saint-Léger Didot) was born in 1797 and died in 1825. Edouard Didot made a translation of Johnson's "Lives of the Poets", which was printed by Jules Didot.